Rectal prolapse is a medical condition characterized by the protrusion of the rectal wall through the anal opening, leading to a visible bulging of rectal tissue externally. This condition can occur in varying degrees of severity, ranging from a partial prolapse, where only the mucosal layer extends past the anal verge, to a complete prolapse, where the entire rectal wall is involved and can appear as a red, swollen mass. The exact etiology of rectal prolapse is multifactorial, with contributing factors including increased abdominal pressure due to chronic coughing, straining during bowel movements, or conditions that affect the pelvic floor, such as pregnancy, childbirth, or excessive lifting. Individuals who are older, especially women, are at a heightened risk due to the weakening of the pelvic support structures over time. Symptoms often present with discomfort, rectal bleeding, stool incontinence, or a sense of incomplete bowel evacuation, which can lead to significant psychological distress. Diagnosis is typically made through clinical evaluation, where a healthcare provider may assess the degree of prolapse, and may include a digital rectal examination or rectoscopy to evaluate the condition further. Imaging studies such as defecography can also be utilized to ascertain the functional aspects of the rectum and anal canal if needed. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the prolapse and the symptoms experienced by the patient. Non-surgical management may include dietary modifications to improve bowel habits, pelvic floor exercises to strengthen the support structure, or the use of rectal support devices. However, surgery is often the definitive treatment, particularly for those with severe or recurrent cases. Surgical interventions may include procedures such as rectopexy, where the rectum is attached to the surrounding structures to prevent further prolapse, or resection procedures that remove a portion of the rectum to alleviate the issue. Postoperative care is crucial and may involve monitoring for complications such as infection, recurrence of prolapse, or bowel dysfunction. While rectal prolapse is not typically life-threatening, it can severely impact the quality of life and often necessitates medical attention to address associated symptoms and complications effectively. Patients are advised to seek help if they experience symptoms consistent with rectal prolapse, as early intervention can lead to improved outcomes and management of the condition. Education about this condition is essential to reduce stigma, as many may feel embarrassed to discuss their symptoms. Ultimately, rectal prolapse is a manageable condition with appropriate medical intervention, and awareness of its signs and treatment options can empower individuals to seek necessary care.
