Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a minimally invasive diagnostic procedure used to obtain a small sample of cells or fluid from a suspicious lump or mass for examination under a microscope. It involves using a thin, hollow needle to penetrate the skin and reach the target area, often guided by imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scan, or fluoroscopy to ensure accurate placement. The needle is used to withdraw a small amount of tissue or fluid, which is then examined for the presence of abnormal cells, infections, or tumors. The primary reasons for performing FNA include diagnosing or evaluating abnormalities found in various parts of the body, such as thyroid nodules, breast lumps, lymph nodes, or masses in other organs. FNA is often used to determine whether a lump is benign or malignant, guide further treatment decisions, or monitor known conditions. Complications from fine needle aspiration are generally rare but can include localized bleeding, infection at the needle insertion site, or discomfort during and after the procedure. There may also be a risk of damage to nearby structures, depending on the location of the biopsy. Some patients might experience temporary bruising or swelling. Although these risks are relatively minor, they are important to consider. Despite the potential complications, FNA is a valuable diagnostic tool due to its simplicity, effectiveness, and ability to provide rapid results, aiding in the accurate diagnosis and management of various medical conditions.
