Bariatric surgery encompasses a range of surgical procedures designed to assist with significant weight loss in individuals who are severely obese and have been unable to achieve sustainable weight loss through other means, such as diet and exercise. These surgeries aim to reduce body weight and improve overall health by altering the digestive system to limit food intake or nutrient absorption. The primary types of bariatric surgery include gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, adjustable gastric banding (Lap-Band), and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS). Gastric bypass involves creating a small stomach pouch and rerouting the small intestine to this pouch, which limits food intake and reduces nutrient absorption. Sleeve gastrectomy involves removing a large portion of the stomach to create a smaller, sleeve-shaped stomach, which restricts food intake. Adjustable gastric banding places a band around the upper part of the stomach to create a small pouch and restrict intake. BPD/DS involves removing a large portion of the stomach and bypassing a significant portion of the small intestine to reduce both food intake and nutrient absorption. The need for bariatric surgery generally arises from severe obesity, which is often associated with other health issues such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, and joint problems. Candidates for bariatric surgery typically have a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 40 or higher, or a BMI of 35 or higher with obesity-related health conditions. Symptoms indicating the need for surgery include difficulty in performing daily activities, severe weight-related health problems, and unsuccessful attempts at weight loss through non-surgical methods. Complications from bariatric surgery can include infection, bleeding, blood clots, and adverse reactions to anesthesia. Long-term complications may involve nutritional deficiencies, digestive issues, and potential for weight regain. Patients also face risks related to surgery, such as gastrointestinal leaks or obstruction. Post-surgery, patients need to follow a specific diet, take nutritional supplements, and engage in regular physical activity to ensure successful weight loss and maintain health.
Bariatric surgery can significantly improve health outcomes, aid in substantial weight loss, and enhance quality of life by reducing the risk of obesity-related diseases. However, it requires a commitment to lifestyle changes and ongoing medical follow-up to achieve and sustain long-term benefits.
