Vertigo is a sensation of spinning or dizziness that can make a person feel as though they or their surroundings are moving, even when they are stationary. It is a specific type of dizziness that often results from issues with the inner ear or the brain's balance centers. Vertigo is commonly experienced as a feeling of imbalance or spinning, which can affect daily activities and quality of life. The causes of vertigo are varied and can include inner ear disorders, such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), Meniere's disease, and vestibular neuritis. BPPV is caused by the displacement of tiny calcium crystals in the inner ear, leading to brief episodes of vertigo triggered by changes in head position. Meniere's disease involves fluid buildup in the inner ear, resulting in episodes of vertigo along with hearing loss and tinnitus. Vestibular neuritis is an inflammation of the vestibular nerve, usually due to a viral infection, which can cause persistent vertigo. Other causes of vertigo include migraines, which can be associated with vertiginous symptoms, and central nervous system conditions such as stroke or multiple sclerosis. Certain medications and head injuries can also contribute to vertigo. Symptoms of vertigo may include a spinning sensation, unsteadiness, loss of balance, nausea, and sometimes vomiting. The intensity of vertigo can vary, and it may be accompanied by other symptoms like hearing changes or tinnitus, depending on the underlying cause. Treatment for vertigo depends on its cause. For BPPV, specific head and body movements known as the Epley maneuver can help reposition the dislodged crystals in the inner ear. Meniere's disease may be managed with a combination of dietary changes (such as reducing salt intake), medications to control symptoms, and sometimes surgery. Vestibular neuritis may require corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and medications to alleviate vertigo symptoms.
For vertigo related to migraines, managing the migraines through lifestyle changes, medications, and avoidance of triggers can be effective. If vertigo is due to a more serious condition like a stroke, prompt medical treatment is essential. In many cases, physical therapy involving vestibular rehabilitation exercises can help improve balance and reduce the symptoms of vertigo. Identifying and addressing the underlying cause, along with supportive treatments, can help alleviate vertigo and improve overall functioning.
