Proliferative retinopathy is an advanced stage of diabetic retinopathy, a condition characterized by abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. It occurs when the existing blood vessels in the retina become damaged due to prolonged high blood sugar levels, leading to reduced oxygen supply (ischemia). In response, the eye attempts to compensate by growing new, fragile blood vessels. However, these new vessels are prone to leaking blood and fluids, causing scarring and potentially leading to retinal detachment, which can result in severe vision loss or blindness if left untreated. The primary cause of proliferative retinopathy is poorly controlled diabetes, both type 1 and type 2, which can damage the small blood vessels in the retina over time. Risk factors include a long history of diabetes, poor blood sugar management, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and smoking. Pregnancy and other conditions that increase metabolic demand can also exacerbate retinopathy.
Treatment for proliferative retinopathy focuses on preventing further vision loss and managing the growth of abnormal blood vessels. Laser photocoagulation is a common treatment that involves using a laser to create tiny burns in the retina, sealing leaking vessels and preventing the growth of new ones. In more severe cases, a vitrectomy may be performed to remove blood and scar tissue from the retina and reduce the risk of retinal detachment. Medications like anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) injections can help reduce the formation of new blood vessels and decrease retinal swelling. Controlling blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels is crucial to prevent the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Regular eye exams are essential for early detection and timely intervention to preserve vision.
