Athetosis is a type of movement disorder characterized by slow, involuntary, and writhing movements that often affect the hands, arms, legs, and face. These movements are typically continuous and can appear fluid, resembling serpentine or twisting motions. Athetosis can lead to difficulties with fine motor control and coordination, making tasks such as writing or buttoning a shirt challenging. It may also result in abnormal postures and repetitive movements that can be socially and functionally impairing. The primary cause of athetosis is damage to the brain's basal ganglia, particularly affecting the putamen and caudate nucleus, which are involved in regulating and coordinating movement. Athetosis is often associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as cerebral palsy, particularly in individuals with basal ganglia damage due to birth complications or perinatal injury. It can also occur as part of other conditions like Huntington's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor and cognitive decline, or Wilson's disease, which involves copper accumulation in tissues affecting the basal ganglia. Additionally, athetosis may arise from brain injury or stroke that impacts the motor pathways.
Treatment for athetosis focuses on managing symptoms and improving motor function. Physical therapy is essential for developing motor control and coordination, and it may include exercises to improve muscle strength and flexibility. Occupational therapy can help individuals adapt daily activities and use assistive devices to enhance independence. Medications such as anticholinergics or dopamine antagonists might be prescribed to help manage abnormal movements, especially in cases associated with neurodegenerative conditions. In some cases, surgical interventions, like deep brain stimulation, may be considered to alleviate severe symptoms. A comprehensive approach involving therapy, medication, and support for daily living can significantly improve the quality of life for individuals with athetosis.
